工業設計、Industrial Design、インダストリア

TITLE: 設計基礎(Design Basics) AUTHOR: QUENCY DATE: 03/14/2013 09:11:02 AM CATEGORY: 設計理論 STATUS: publish ---- BODY:

設計基礎(Design Basics)

A knowledge of design basics is key to the successful planning and implementation of any interior design project. The elements and principles of design represent general, universal ideas that refer to every aspect of design. Once designers understand how people perceive and react to their environments (as discussed in Chapter 2), they can use the elements and principles of design to form a whole composition. This chapter discusses the elements and principles individually in order to fully understand each one and its respective potential in a design.

　　設計基礎的知識，是所有設計專案得以規畫執行的成功關鍵。設計原則和設計元素是對設計的每個層面，提供一種普遍的、通用的概念。設計師能擅用設計原則和設計元素，來對整體構圖進行造形。

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設計的元素(Elements of Design)

The elements of design provide a framework for problem solving in the design process. Form, texture and color are the components brought together to create an environment. Form encompasses the spatial definition of a thing, its extent in one, two, or three dimensions. In mathematics, form is spoken of in terms of point, line, and plane. In design, we speak of line, shape, and volume.

　　在設計的過程中，設計的元素提供了問題解決的架構。形、質感、色彩是創造環境的三種組合組件。形包括了事物的空間定義，有一維、二維、三維的尺度。就數學而言，形可陳述為點、線、面；對設計而言，形可陳述為線、形狀、體。

· Line, by definition, is the extension of a point. It can be straight or curved. Line can express various feelings and emotions—a smooth, delicate line seems serene and soothing while a heavy, frantic line can signify anger or energy. One of the most expressive qualities of line is its direction. Vertical lines evoke aspiration, stability and ascendancy. Horizontal lines express feelings of rest and relaxation. Diagonal lines suggest movement and activity (Fig. 1). Large upward curves suggest gentle, relaxed movement. Downward curves seem serious and sad. Small curves denote playfulness and humor.

　　●線，依定義，是點的延伸。有直線和曲線。線可表達各種的感情和情緒，光滑細膩的線條有著穩重下的寧靜和舒緩；狂亂的線條可以表示憤怒或能量。線的最主要的表達特質之一是它的方向。垂直線條喚起人們的願望、穩定、優勢。水平線條表達休息和放鬆的感情。對角線代表著動勢和活動(圖1)。大而向上的曲線顯示柔和、輕鬆的動勢；向下的曲線似有嚴肅和傷心。小曲線表示趣味性和幽默。

圖1，對角線對靜置的空間帶來動感

· Shape refers to two-dimensional forms created by intersecting lines. Shape can be simple geometric forms such as a square, triangle or circle, or they can be irregular and amorphous, conforming to no particular definition. Simple geometric forms tend to evoke stability and completeness while irregular shapes may appear more dynamic and interesting (Fig. 2). Either, used in excess, may create boredom or unease.

　　●形狀是指二維的形，由相交的線條所構成。形狀可以是簡單的幾何形，如正方形、三角形、或圓形；或者可以是不規則的，也可以是無定形的，無需特別的定義。簡單的幾何形往往會引起穩定性和完整性；而不規則形可能呈現出更多充滿動感和趣味(圖2)。若過度的使用，可能會產生厭煩和不安。

圖2，不規則形狀的構成，成為了地標。

· Volume refers to the extension of shape into three dimensions (Fig. 3). In an interior environment volume is typified by objects, such as furniture, and by residual space—that defined by structure and captured by columns, doors, etc. Space defined by walls is the most common volume in interior design. As with shape, volumes can be either geometric in nature or freeflowing and irregular. Totally geometric spaces can seem formal or restrictive while free-flowing spaces can feel open or confusing.

　　●體是指將形狀延展到第三維的尺度(圖3)。在一個室內環境中，體所代表的就是物件，如家具等，體所代表的是「剩餘空間」(存餘空間、安全空間)，是由結構所定義，是由柱子、門等所圍成。空間是由牆所定義，在室內設計中，是最常見的的體。正如形狀，體也可以是自然中的幾何形，或自由流動和不規則的。總結而言，幾何空間可視為正式的、受限的；相對的，自由流動的空間，可以感到是開放的或疑惑的。

圖3，體可長出、旋轉、對映

· Space is the infinite extension of a three-dimensional field. Not only is space the realm where shape and volume exist, but it also determines their aesthetic qualities. Sculpture, pottery, jewelry, and architecture all use space in their design. Designs in space require interaction when viewing or experiencing, whether walking around a sculpture, wearing a piece of jewelry, or living in a piece of architecture.

　　●空間是一個三維場的無限延伸。不僅是形狀和體的存有的實體空間，它也決定了其美學品質。雕塑、陶器、珠寶、建築，都在其設計中使用了空間。在空間中的設計需要經由觀看或體驗來產生互動，無論是在雕塑的周圍走一圈；穿戴一件首飾；或在一棟建築中生活。

Texture is essentially a tactile characteristic, but may be perceived by either touch or sight (Fig. 4). Texture may be rough, smooth, bumpy, fuzzy, grooved, or prickly. Tactile texture is felt, while visual texture is seen, imparting impressions of textures. Visual texture is often referred to as pattern. A pine cone has a texture one can feel as well a pattern one can see. Texture can be used to create different feelings in an environment—smooth textures seem cold and impersonal while rough textures seem warm and natural.3

　　本質上，質感是觸覺的特性，但可被視為由觸摸或視線所知覺(圖4)。質感可能是粗糙的、光滑的、崎嶇的、模糊的、穴槽的、帶刺的。正如觸覺質感的知覺，視覺質感則是由觀看所得，賦予質感的印象。視覺質感通常被稱為圖案。松果所具有可感知的質感，正如圖案是由觀看所得。在環境中質感可創造出不同的情感，平滑的質感似乎覺得寒冷和客觀的，粗糙的質感則是溫暖的和自然的。

圖4，材質的觸覺和視覺

Color encompasses both art and science. Chapter 3 discussed the science of color, here it is discussed as an element of design. Because color evokes such strong emotional responses, it is one of the most important elements of design.

　　色彩包括了藝術和科學。色彩之所以被視為設計的元素，是因為色彩喚起了人們強烈的情緒反應，因而顏色是最重要的設計元素之一。

· Hues on the color wheel can be divided into two categories: warm and cool (Fig. 5). Red, orange, and yellow constitute the warm hues which tend to stimulate and excite. Warm colors can elevate the apparent temperature of a room and make interiors seem cozy and friendly. The cool colors—blue, green and violet—tend to soothe and relax. They elicit feelings of formality and reserve and can seem refreshing on a hot day.4

　　●在色輪上色相可分為兩大類：暖色系和冷色系(圖5)。紅、橙、黃是屬暖色系，往往會產生刺激和興奮。暖色可以提升室內的溫度和明顯的使室內裝飾顯得舒適和友善的。冷色系的藍、綠、紫，往往會產生撫慰和放鬆。色彩都能引起拘謹和克制的感情，能在炎熱的日子裡，讓人耳目一新。

圖5，在色輪中的暖色系和冷色系

(QUENCY註:此色輪已改成RGB+CMY)

· Color harmonies are pleasing combinations of color. In theory any hue can be made to harmonize with any other hue by manipulating its value and chroma. Color harmonies typically fall into two categories: related or contrasting. Related color schemes are composed of one or several neighboring hues and promote harmony and unity. Contrasting color schemes are based on hues located far apart on the color wheel. These offer variety and balance.

　　●色彩調和，是愉悅的色彩組合。理論上，任何色相都可以經由調控明度和彩度，來與任何其他的色相相調和。色彩調和通常可分為兩大類：相關的或對比的。相關的色彩計畫是由一個或數個相鄰的色相所構成，促成和諧與統一。對比的色彩計畫是基於在色輪中色相的相對顏色所構成，提供了變異和平衡。

Some color harmonies form the basis of technical color schemes, which identify particular combinations of pure hues. These serve as guides in developing a color palette for an interior environment. The schemes do not imply that the pure hues of color systems are the only hues that can create a scheme, they simply provide a place to start. The technical color schemes include monochromatic, monochromatic plus black, analogous, analogous plus a complementary accent, complementary, near or split complementary, double split complementary, and triads (Figs. 6-13).

　　某些色彩調和的形式，是具技術的色彩計畫的基礎上，是由特定的純色相組合所訂定。這些色彩計畫可作為一種指南，用於設計中。該計畫並不意味著，色彩系統的純色相，只是在提供一種計畫，而是簡單的提供了起始的方式。技術的色彩計畫，包括了單色的、單色加上黑色的、類似色的、類似色加上互補強調、互補色的、近接或分斥的互補色、雙分斥的互補色、三元一體色(圖6-13)。

Renference

1 Dependent Youth Activities Center. Ft. Meade.

2 Fitness Center. John J. Sparkman Center for Missile Excellence, Redstone Arsenal, Alabama.

3Marjorie E. Bevlin, Design Through Discovery (New York: Holt Rinehart and Winston, 1989) pp. 99-100.

4 Bevlin, p. 133.

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