TITLE: INFORMATION PROCESSING P.874 AUTHOR: QUENCY DATE: 10/21/2013 03:39:35 AM CATEGORY: 人因工程設計 STATUS: publish ---- BODY:
INFORMATION PROCESSING P.874
Informatien Transfer Facililatien
INFORMATION TRANSFER FACILITATION
Certain information transfer facilitators are at the disposal of the designer and should be utilized whenever possible to maximize the human's processing response. The accompanying table reviews some of the key facilitators that can be used.
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Facililator Remarks
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Familiar patterns Present information to operators in a form that is
already familiar to them.
Visualization Whenever practical, utilize the natural tendency of most
individuals to try to visualize, even if the presentation
other mode is via channels than the visual one.
Context Provide as complete a picture as possible in a logically
organized manner.
Normal relationships Present informational components and component-
observer relationships that are natural (alphanumeric
characters right side up, high-low values oriented
according to specific use format, etc.)
Minimal extrapolation Avoid requiring the observer to extrapolate; i.e.,
present quantities, values, and patterns in their
intended form.
Reference bases Provide a continuous reference (a scale value, a map,
comparison background, etc.).
Timing Time inputs to avoid overload and delay; present them
in a logical sequence and provide immediate feedback
to the operator's responses or queries.
Noise Control input competition, interference, and
distractions.
Conspicuousness Emphasize informational cues via adequate intensity,
contrast, and special encoding to ensure maximum
arousal and attention.
Expectation Anticipate the operator's mental set and prepare the
operator to receive the information.
Meaningfulness Clarify the value, necessity, and urgency of the
information transfer.
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Note: For additional enlightenment with regard to human information processing, see D. E. Rumelhart, Introduction to Human Information Processing, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1977.
IMPORTANCE OF BEHAVIORAL EXPECTANCY
Designers should recognize the importance of anticipating what people will do with the equipment of facilities they are about to design. Otherwise, it is very likely that the consumer will misuse the product or facility, possibly suffer injuries that lead to litigation, and/or select a competitive product when next making a purchase.
The following section presents a number of different types of expectancy data, some of which are based on research studies, and others on the experience of designers and human factors specialists.
BEHAVIORAL CHANGE FROM CHILDHOOD TO ADULTHOOD
The accompanying table lists the general changes that the human goes through from infancy to adulthood. Although there are obvious individual variations, the generalizations may help the designer understand a particular age group's behavior with respect to the design under consideration.
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Age Behavioral and Motor Development Description
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1 month Lifts head when held to another's shoulder. Makes crawling motions
when prone. Lifts head unsteadily when prone. Turns head laterally
when prone.
2 months Holds head erect for a short time when held to another's shoulder. Lifts
head when held horizontally on back.Lifts chest a short distance
when prone. Makes vertical arm thrusts in random play when on
back.
3 months Holds head erect and steady when held to another's shoulder. Turns
from back to side. Pushes or elevates self by using arms when in a
prone position.
4 months Holds head steady when carried or when swayed. Tries to sit up when
on back. Sits with resistant body pressure when supported by pillows.
Hands frequently open. Thumb opposition appears in grasping.
5 months Rolls from back to stomach. Sits with slight prop. Picks up cube from
table on contact.
6 months Sits momentarily without support if placed in a favorable leaning
position. Grasps with simultaneous flexion of fingers. Retains
transient hold of two cubes, one in each hand. Can turn from
stomach to back, and back again to stomach. Rolling and hitching (in
leg region) occur.
7 months Tends to unilateral reaching and manipulation. Rotates wrist freely in
manipulation. Scoops or rakes hand to secure a pellet. Picks cube
deftly and directly from table. Begins crawling. Leans toward object of
curiosity, reaches for it, and then handles, pulls, sucks, shakes, and
rattles it (which often results in damage to the object and harm to
the babγbut which is valuable as a means of learning).
8 months Sits momentarily without support. Raises self to sitting position. Picks
up pellet with partial finger prehension. Thumb opposition appears in
grasping obiects.
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